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简单图形编程的学习(1)--- 本文介绍Windows GDI图形编程入门,重点讲解文字显示、字体创建,并通过旋转文字动画示例,探讨实现中的技巧与问题。 文字 (Windows GDI实现)

简单图形编程的学习(1)—文字 (Windows GDI实现)

一、全部简单图形编程的学习说在前面的话

此系列文章均假设读者已经具备一定的对应的程序编写知识,无论是最简单的small basic,还是因为常用而被人熟知的Windows GDI,或者是Linux下用的更多的Qt(一般我用PyQt),甚至是现在国内知道的人并不多的Android,我都不准备讲太多基础的语法,或者与平台相关的太多背景知识,这些靠读者先行学习,我仅仅准备在自己学习的过程中找点乐子:)看看我用一些简单的接口都能想出干什么事情,然后展示给大家看看,图形程序实在是最好展示的一类程序了,不像其他程序一样,哪怕我讲了一堆的boost,真正见识到boost强大的又有几个呢?-_-!要知道,今天起,所有程序都是窗口程序,不再是命令行!!!!人类用了多久才走到这一步我不知道。。。。我用了25年…….(从我出生算起)或者1年(从工作开始)

另外,想要看怎么编写窗口应用程序的就不要走错地方了,这里不是想怎么描述怎么使用一个又一个的控件,这里都是讲绘图的-_-!

二、谈谈Windows GDI

由于今天是第一篇,所以谈谈Windows GDI

虽然因为兴趣和工作需要,对Linux也有所了解,但是Windows到目前为止绝对是本人最熟悉的平台。。。也许也是绝大部分程序员最熟悉的平台吧,但是GDI用的实在是并不多。。。。也许又要说了。。我本质上是个服务器端的程序员-_-!呵呵,服务器端程序员每天面对的只能是控制台,与图形化界面无关,更加与GDI无关。。。。呵呵,但是假如要做客户端的话,是有图形界面了,但是其实游戏还是不需要用到GDI的。。。Windows下不都是用DirectX嘛。但是我对GDI还是比较有兴趣,主要来源于一个资深同事描述用Windows GDI去描述IM软件界面的往事(公司以前是做IM软件的),呵呵,我听着都觉得出神入化。自己好歹也了解一下,虽然说其实用到的机会不多。

文字好像都不像是图形编程中应该学习的东西,但是别忘了,文字可都是由象形文字发展过来的。。。中文至今还是象形文字呢,文字在远古的时代可本来就是图形啊,为啥学习图形编程的时候不要学习怎么显示文字啊?呵呵,前面的都是废话,其实你编点啥程序都会碰到需要在图形中显示文字的情况,所以我们先来看看文字的显示。另外,其实在显示文字的时候,假如需要对文字的显示进行设置,也能学到很多普通图形的设置方式,这点以后就能看到。

三、Windows GDI的文字显示

事实上因为一个完整的Windows程序已经较为复杂,所以以后的程序得有个模板可以套才行,不然老是纠缠在窗口注册,创建和消息循环上了,那样效率太低。这里就用VS2005创建Win32程序本身的那一套了,不用MFC是不想拦住不了解也不像熟悉MFC的兄弟,也许另外弄个MFC+GDI+ (注:切分格式是(MFC+(GDI+))-_-!)篇吧。

基本程序如下:

// Win32GraphicEx1.cpp : 定义应用程序的入口点。
//

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "Win32GraphicEx1.h"

#define MAX_LOADSTRING 100

// 全局变量:
HINSTANCE hInst;                    // 当前实例
TCHAR szTitle[MAX_LOADSTRING];            // 标题栏文本
TCHAR szWindowClass[MAX_LOADSTRING];      // 主窗口类名

// 此代码模块中包含的函数的前向声明:
ATOM                MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance);
BOOL                InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int);
LRESULT CALLBACK    WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
INT_PTR CALLBACK    About(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

int APIENTRY _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
                     HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                     LPTSTR    lpCmdLine,
                     int       nCmdShow)
{
   UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(hPrevInstance);
   UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(lpCmdLine);

   // TODO: 在此放置代码。
   MSG msg;
   HACCEL hAccelTable;

   // 初始化全局字符串
   LoadString(hInstance, IDS_APP_TITLE, szTitle, MAX_LOADSTRING);
   LoadString(hInstance, IDC_WIN32GRAPHICEX1, szWindowClass, MAX_LOADSTRING);
   MyRegisterClass(hInstance);

   // 执行应用程序初始化:
   if (!InitInstance (hInstance, nCmdShow))
   {
      return FALSE;
   }

   hAccelTable = LoadAccelerators(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_WIN32GRAPHICEX1));

   // 主消息循环:
   while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
   {
      if (!TranslateAccelerator(msg.hwnd, hAccelTable, &msg))
      {
         TranslateMessage(&msg);
         DispatchMessage(&msg);
      }
   }

   return (int) msg.wParam;
}



//
//  函数: MyRegisterClass()
//
//  目的: 注册窗口类。
//
//  注释:
//
//    仅当希望
//    此代码与添加到Windows 95 中的"RegisterClassEx"
//    函数之前的Win32 系统兼容时,才需要此函数及其用法。调用此函数十分重要,
//    这样应用程序就可以获得关联的
//    "格式正确的"小图标。
//
ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
   WNDCLASSEX wcex;

   wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);

   wcex.style          = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
   wcex.lpfnWndProc    = WndProc;
   wcex.cbClsExtra     = 0;
   wcex.cbWndExtra     = 0;
   wcex.hInstance      = hInstance;
   wcex.hIcon          = LoadIcon(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_WIN32GRAPHICEX1));
   wcex.hCursor        = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
   wcex.hbrBackground  = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1);
   wcex.lpszMenuName   = MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_WIN32GRAPHICEX1);
   wcex.lpszClassName  = szWindowClass;
   wcex.hIconSm        = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_SMALL));

   return RegisterClassEx(&wcex);
}

//
//   函数: InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int)
//
//   目的: 保存实例句柄并创建主窗口
//
//   注释:
//
//        在此函数中,我们在全局变量中保存实例句柄并
//        创建和显示主程序窗口。
//
BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow)
{
   HWND hWnd;

   hInst = hInstance; // 将实例句柄存储在全局变量中

   hWnd = CreateWindow(szWindowClass, szTitle, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
      CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

   if (!hWnd)
   {
      return FALSE;
   }

   ShowWindow(hWnd, nCmdShow);
   UpdateWindow(hWnd);

   return TRUE;
}

//
//  函数: WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM)
//
//  目的: 处理主窗口的消息。
//
//  WM_COMMAND  - 处理应用程序菜单
//  WM_PAINT    - 绘制主窗口
//  WM_DESTROY  - 发送退出消息并返回
//
//
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
   int wmId, wmEvent;
   PAINTSTRUCT ps;
   HDC hdc;

   switch (message)
   {
   case WM_COMMAND:
      wmId    = LOWORD(wParam);
      wmEvent = HIWORD(wParam);
      // 分析菜单选择:
      switch (wmId)
      {
      case IDM_ABOUT:
         DialogBox(hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_ABOUTBOX), hWnd, About);
         break;
      case IDM_EXIT:
         DestroyWindow(hWnd);
         break;
      default:
         return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
      }
      break;
   case WM_PAINT:
      hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
      // TODO: 在此添加任意绘图代码...
      EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
      break;
   case WM_DESTROY:
      PostQuitMessage(0);
      break;
   default:
      return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
   }
   return 0;
}

// "关于"框的消息处理程序。
INT_PTR CALLBACK About(HWND hDlg, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
   UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(lParam);
   switch (message)
   {
   case WM_INITDIALOG:
      return (INT_PTR)TRUE;

   case WM_COMMAND:
      if (LOWORD(wParam) == IDOK || LOWORD(wParam) == IDCANCEL)
      {
         EndDialog(hDlg, LOWORD(wParam));
         return (INT_PTR)TRUE;
      }
      break;
   }
   return (INT_PTR)FALSE;
}

以后讲解的时候可能就不列出完整的源代码了,因为用C++编写Win32程序,可能动辄几页的代码,完整列出影响阅读,为了完整,就如前面所言,我已经假定读者都具有相关领域一定的编程经验,将描述的代码放进恰当的位置应该不成问题。

文字的显示是个复杂的问题,(自有历史以来就复杂)不仅仅是调用几个类似于TextOut,DrawText ,DrawTextEx API那么简单,看过《Windows 图形编程》(参考1)的人应该会有同感,此书是我见过关于Windows下字体,文字显示最深入的一本书,(其实是其他的专著太深看不懂也没有看)。

至于Windows下普通的文字显示API,《Programming Windows》一书按照惯例还是最好的一本。

Windows下最常用的文字输出API就是前面提到的3个,见下面的例子:

   case WM_PAINT:
      {
         hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
         // TextOut
         TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, szHelloWorld, (int)_tcslen(szHelloWorld));

         // DrawText
         RECT rtText = {0, 50, 100, 100};
         DrawText(hdc, szHelloWorld, -1, &rtText, DT_LEFT);

         // DrawTextEx
         rtText.top += 50;
         rtText.bottom += 50;
         DrawTextEx(hdc, szHelloWorld, -1, &rtText, DT_LEFT, NULL);
         EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
      }

显示效果如插图1。

其实还有几个使用复杂度稍微高一点,但是控制力更强一些的文本输出函数,比如TabbedTextOut,ExtTextOut。(八卦一下:ExtTextOut是少有的将Ext放在函数名前表示扩展而不是按照微软惯例将Ex表示扩展放在函数名后的函数,估计是设计此函数的人刚到微软工作-_-!)

四、字体

其实字体是个更加复杂的问题。。。。有多少人知道在字体的现实问题上MS,Apple,Adobe的研究人员投入了多少精力啊。。。。今天的TrueType可不是一开始就存在的。。。。

当然,其实今天我们已经没有必要再去重复研究了,Windows下用MS提供的API就好了,一般有两个接口:

HFONT CreateFont(
  int nHeight,               // height of font
  int nWidth,                // average character width
  int nEscapement,           // angle of escapement
  int nOrientation,          // base-line orientation angle
  int fnWeight,              // font weight
  DWORD fdwItalic,           // italic attribute option
  DWORD fdwUnderline,        // underline attribute option
  DWORD fdwStrikeOut,        // strikeout attribute option
  DWORD fdwCharSet,          // character set identifier
  DWORD fdwOutputPrecision,  // output precision
  DWORD fdwClipPrecision,    // clipping precision
  DWORD fdwQuality,          // output quality
  DWORD fdwPitchAndFamily,   // pitch and family
  LPCTSTR lpszFace           // typeface name
);

这个接口直接通过超多的参数创建字体,看看参数的数量。。。就知道我说过的字体显示是个复杂问题没有错了。。。。另外有个更加人性化的接口,那就是利用结构,本质上没有太大区别,只是从软件接口设计上来说,当参数超过6,7个的时候提供结构传递参数会更加人性化一点,CreateWindow之类的也就是遵循了这样的方式。这也是BS说C++中不提供关键词参数,关键词参数没有那么重要的主要理由之一。(不明白我说的是什么那就忽略此句。。。见D&E6.5)

所谓的用结构创建字体的接口如下:

HFONT CreateFontIndirect(
  CONST LOGFONT* lplf   // characteristics
);

LOGFONT结构就是前面一个直接创建的接口的参数的堆叠:

typedef struct tagLOGFONTW
{
    LONG      lfHeight;
    LONG      lfWidth;
    LONG      lfEscapement;
    LONG      lfOrientation;
    LONG      lfWeight;
    BYTE      lfItalic;
    BYTE      lfUnderline;
    BYTE      lfStrikeOut;
    BYTE      lfCharSet;
    BYTE      lfOutPrecision;
    BYTE      lfClipPrecision;
    BYTE      lfQuality;
    BYTE      lfPitchAndFamily;
    WCHAR     lfFaceName[LF_FACESIZE];
} LOGFONTW, *PLOGFONTW, NEAR *NPLOGFONTW, FAR *LPLOGFONTW;

这里列出来的是宽字节版本。参数如此之多,一方面体现了复杂度,一方面也是自由度,其实个人认为有点点设计的累赘了。。。。其实完全没有必要用一个一个整数来表示一个bool值的内容,MS习惯的位标志竟然在此处看不到痕迹。。。估计。。。写字体模块的哥们光研究怎么更好的显示字体了,没有关注接口的设计。。。。。或者,和写TabbedTextOut,ExtTextOut就是同一个人。。。。这个人很显然刚刚来微软。。。。参数的含义不一个一个解释了,看MSDN或者《Programming Windows》,见下面一个例子,来自于《Programming Windows》。

/*---------------------------------------
   EZFONT.C -- Easy Font Creation
               (c) Charles Petzold, 1998
 \---------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "ezfont.h"

HFONT EzCreateFont (HDC hdc, TCHAR * szFaceName, int iDeciPtHeight,
                    int iDeciPtWidth, int iAttributes, BOOL fLogRes)
{
     FLOAT      cxDpi, cyDpi ;
     HFONT      hFont ;
     LOGFONT    lf ;
     POINT      pt ;
     TEXTMETRIC tm ;
    
     SaveDC (hdc) ;
    
     SetGraphicsMode (hdc, GM_ADVANCED) ;
     ModifyWorldTransform (hdc, NULL, MWT_IDENTITY) ;
     SetViewportOrgEx (hdc, 0, 0, NULL) ;
     SetWindowOrgEx   (hdc, 0, 0, NULL) ;
    
     if (fLogRes)
     {
          cxDpi = (FLOAT) GetDeviceCaps (hdc, LOGPIXELSX) ;
          cyDpi = (FLOAT) GetDeviceCaps (hdc, LOGPIXELSY) ;
     }
     else
     {
          cxDpi = (FLOAT) (25.4 * GetDeviceCaps (hdc, HORZRES) /
                                        GetDeviceCaps (hdc, HORZSIZE)) ;
         
          cyDpi = (FLOAT) (25.4 * GetDeviceCaps (hdc, VERTRES) /
                                        GetDeviceCaps (hdc, VERTSIZE)) ;
     }
    
     pt.x = (int) (iDeciPtWidth  * cxDpi / 72) ;
     pt.y = (int) (iDeciPtHeight * cyDpi / 72) ;
    
     DPtoLP (hdc, &pt, 1) ;
    
     lf.lfHeight         = - (int) (fabs (pt.y) / 10.0 + 0.5) ;
     lf.lfWidth          = 0 ;
     lf.lfEscapement     = 0 ;
     lf.lfOrientation    = 0 ;
     lf.lfWeight         = iAttributes & EZ_ATTR_BOLD      ? 700 : 0 ;
     lf.lfItalic         = iAttributes & EZ_ATTR_ITALIC    ?   1 : 0 ;
     lf.lfUnderline      = iAttributes & EZ_ATTR_UNDERLINE ?   1 : 0 ;
     lf.lfStrikeOut      = iAttributes & EZ_ATTR_STRIKEOUT ?   1 : 0 ;
     lf.lfCharSet        = DEFAULT_CHARSET ;
     lf.lfOutPrecision   = 0 ;
     lf.lfClipPrecision  = 0 ;
     lf.lfQuality        = 0 ;
     lf.lfPitchAndFamily = 0 ;
    
     lstrcpy (lf.lfFaceName, szFaceName) ;
    
     hFont = CreateFontIndirect (&lf) ;
    
     if (iDeciPtWidth != 0)
     {
          hFont = (HFONT) SelectObject (hdc, hFont) ;
         
          GetTextMetrics (hdc, &tm) ;
         
          DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, hFont)) ;
         
          lf.lfWidth = (int) (tm.tmAveCharWidth *
                                        fabs (pt.x) / fabs (pt.y) + 0.5) ;
         
          hFont = CreateFontIndirect (&lf) ;
     }
    
     RestoreDC (hdc, -1) ;
     return hFont ;
}
/*----------------------------------------
   FONTROT.C -- Rotated Fonts
                (c) Charles Petzold, 1998
 \----------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include "ezfont.h"

TCHAR szAppName [] = TEXT ("FontRot") ;
TCHAR szTitle   [] = TEXT ("FontRot: Rotated Fonts") ;

void PaintRoutine (HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea)
{
     static TCHAR szString [] = TEXT ("   Rotation") ;
     HFONT        hFont ;
     int          i ;
     LOGFONT      lf ;

     hFont = EzCreateFont (hdc, TEXT ("Times New Roman"), 540, 0, 0, TRUE) ;
     GetObject (hFont, sizeof (LOGFONT), &lf) ;
     DeleteObject (hFont) ;

     SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT) ;
     SetTextAlign (hdc, TA_BASELINE) ;
     SetViewportOrgEx (hdc, cxArea / 2, cyArea / 2, NULL) ;

     for (i = 0 ; i < 12 ; i ++)
     {
          lf.lfEscapement = lf.lfOrientation = i * 300 ;
          SelectObject (hdc, CreateFontIndirect (&lf)) ;

          TextOut (hdc, 0, 0, szString, lstrlen (szString)) ;

          DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, GetStockObject (SYSTEM_FONT))) ;
     }
}
/*------------------------------------------------
   FONTDEMO.C -- Font Demonstration Shell Program
                 (c) Charles Petzold, 1998
 \------------------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include "EzFont.h"
#include "resource.h"

extern  void     PaintRoutine (HWND, HDC, int, int) ;
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ;

HINSTANCE hInst ;

extern TCHAR szAppName [] ;
extern TCHAR szTitle [] ;

int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                    PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
     TCHAR    szResource [] = TEXT ("FontDemo") ;
     HWND     hwnd ;
     MSG      msg ;
     WNDCLASS wndclass ;
    
     hInst = hInstance ;
    
     wndclass.style         = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW ;
     wndclass.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc ;
     wndclass.cbClsExtra    = 0 ;
     wndclass.cbWndExtra    = 0 ;
     wndclass.hInstance     = hInstance ;
     wndclass.hIcon         = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ;
     wndclass.hCursor       = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ;
     wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH) ;
     wndclass.lpszMenuName  = szResource ;
     wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName ;
    
     if (!RegisterClass (&wndclass))
     {
          MessageBox (NULL, TEXT ("This program requires Windows NT!"),
                      szAppName, MB_ICONERROR) ;
          return 0 ;
     }
    
     hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, szTitle,
                          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ;
    
     ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ;
     UpdateWindow (hwnd) ;
    
     while (GetMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
     {
          TranslateMessage (&msg) ;
          DispatchMessage (&msg) ;
     }
     return msg.wParam ;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
     static DOCINFO  di = { sizeof (DOCINFO), TEXT ("Font Demo: Printing") } ;
     static int      cxClient, cyClient ;
     static PRINTDLG pd = { sizeof (PRINTDLG) } ;
     BOOL            fSuccess ;
     HDC             hdc, hdcPrn ;
     int             cxPage, cyPage ;
     PAINTSTRUCT     ps ;
    
     switch (message)
     {
     case WM_COMMAND:
          switch (wParam)
          {
          case IDM_PRINT:

                    // Get printer DC

               pd.hwndOwner = hwnd ;
          pd.Flags     = PD_RETURNDC | PD_NOPAGENUMS | PD_NOSELECTION ;

          if (!PrintDlg (&pd))
                    return 0 ;

               if (NULL == (hdcPrn = pd.hDC))
               {
                    MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Cannot obtain Printer DC"),
                                szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
                    return 0 ;
               }
                    // Get size of printable area of page

               cxPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, HORZRES) ;
               cyPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, VERTRES) ;

               fSuccess = FALSE ;

                    // Do the printer page

               SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_WAIT)) ;
               ShowCursor (TRUE) ;

               if ((StartDoc (hdcPrn, &di) > 0) && (StartPage (hdcPrn) > 0))
               {
                    PaintRoutine (hwnd, hdcPrn, cxPage, cyPage) ;
                   
                    if (EndPage (hdcPrn) > 0)
                    {
                         fSuccess = TRUE ;
                         EndDoc (hdcPrn) ;
                    }
               }
               DeleteDC (hdcPrn) ;

               ShowCursor (FALSE) ;
               SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW)) ;

               if (!fSuccess)
                    MessageBox (hwnd, 
                                TEXT ("Error encountered during printing"),
                                szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
               return 0 ;

          case IDM_ABOUT:
               MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Font Demonstration Program/n")
                                   TEXT ("(c) Charles Petzold, 1998"),
                            szAppName, MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_OK);
               return 0 ;
          }
          break ;
         
     case WM_SIZE:
          cxClient = LOWORD (lParam) ;
          cyClient = HIWORD (lParam) ;
          return 0 ;
         
     case WM_PAINT:
          hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
         
          PaintRoutine (hwnd, hdc, cxClient, cyClient) ;
         
          EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
          return 0 ;
         
     case WM_DESTROY :
          PostQuitMessage (0) ;
          return 0 ;
     }
     return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ;
}

显示效果如插图2,一个显示成一圈的Rotation,用最最简单的手段实现绚烂的效果,以Small Basic中的一个星空显示文字的程序为最,这也算是比较突出的例子了。。。。这里也不能老是抄袭Petzold。。。。。。。我将其转起来。实现旋转的动画:)

/*------------------------------------------------
   FONTDEMO.C -- Font Demonstration Shell Program
                 (c) 改自Charles Petzold, 1998,因为不知道其原来是啥版权,这里也不声明自己的版权了
 \------------------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include "EzFont.h"
#include "resource.h"

extern void PaintRoutine (HWND, HDC, int, int) ;
extern void PaintAnimateOrientation(HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea);
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ;

HINSTANCE hInst ;


extern TCHAR szAppName [] ;
extern TCHAR szTitle [] ;

#define WND_WIDTH (800)
#define WND_HEIGHT (800)

int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                    PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
   TCHAR    szResource [] = TEXT ("FontDemo") ;
   HWND     hwnd ;
   MSG      msg ;
   WNDCLASS wndclass ;
   HDC hdc ;

   hInst = hInstance ;

   wndclass.style         = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW ;
   wndclass.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc ;
   wndclass.cbClsExtra    = 0 ;
   wndclass.cbWndExtra    = 0 ;
   wndclass.hInstance     = hInstance ;
   wndclass.hIcon         = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ;
   wndclass.hCursor       = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ;
   wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH) ;
   wndclass.lpszMenuName  = szResource ;
   wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName ;

   if (!RegisterClass (&wndclass))
   {
      MessageBox (NULL, TEXT ("This program requires Windows NT!"),
        szAppName, MB_ICONERROR) ;
      return 0 ;
   }

   hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, szTitle,
      WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
      CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
      WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT,
      NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ;

   ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ;
   UpdateWindow (hwnd) ;




   while (TRUE)
   {
      // 就像游戏中一贯的做法
      if(PeekMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
      {
         if(msg.message == WM_QUIT)
         {
            break;
         }

         TranslateMessage (&msg);
         DispatchMessage (&msg);
      }

      hdc = GetDC(hwnd);

      PaintAnimateOrientation(hwnd, hdc, WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT);

      ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
   }
   return msg.wParam ;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
     static DOCINFO  di = { sizeof (DOCINFO), TEXT ("Font Demo: Printing") } ;
     static int      cxClient, cyClient ;
     static PRINTDLG pd = { sizeof (PRINTDLG) } ;
     BOOL            fSuccess ;
     HDC             hdc, hdcPrn ;
     int             cxPage, cyPage ;
     PAINTSTRUCT     ps ;
    
     switch (message)
     {
     case WM_COMMAND:
          switch (wParam)
          {
          case IDM_PRINT:

                    // Get printer DC

               pd.hwndOwner = hwnd ;
          pd.Flags     = PD_RETURNDC | PD_NOPAGENUMS | PD_NOSELECTION ;

          if (!PrintDlg (&pd))
                    return 0 ;

               if (NULL == (hdcPrn = pd.hDC))
               {
                    MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Cannot obtain Printer DC"),
                                szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
                    return 0 ;
               }
                    // Get size of printable area of page

               cxPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, HORZRES) ;
               cyPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, VERTRES) ;

               fSuccess = FALSE ;

                    // Do the printer page

               SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_WAIT)) ;
               ShowCursor (TRUE) ;

               if ((StartDoc (hdcPrn, &di) > 0) && (StartPage (hdcPrn) > 0))
               {
                    PaintRoutine (hwnd, hdcPrn, cxPage, cyPage) ;
                   
                    if (EndPage (hdcPrn) > 0)
                    {
                         fSuccess = TRUE ;
                         EndDoc (hdcPrn) ;
                    }
               }
               DeleteDC (hdcPrn) ;

               ShowCursor (FALSE) ;
               SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW)) ;

               if (!fSuccess)
                    MessageBox (hwnd, 
                                TEXT ("Error encountered during printing"),
                                szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
               return 0 ;

          case IDM_ABOUT:
               MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Font Demonstration Program/n")
                                   TEXT ("(c) Charles Petzold, 1998"),
                            szAppName, MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_OK);
               return 0 ;
          }
          break ;
         
     case WM_SIZE:
          cxClient = LOWORD (lParam) ;
          cyClient = HIWORD (lParam) ;
          return 0 ;
         
     case WM_PAINT:
          hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
         

          EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
          return 0 ;
     case WM_DESTROY :
          PostQuitMessage (0) ;
          return 0 ;
     }
     return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ;
}
/*----------------------------------------
   FONTROT.C -- Rotated Fonts
                (c) 改自Charles Petzold, 1998
 \----------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#include "ezfont.h"

TCHAR szAppName [] = TEXT ("FontRot") ;
TCHAR szTitle   [] = TEXT ("FontRot: Rotated Fonts") ;
#define FRAME_PER_SECOND (20)
#define TIME_IN_FRAME (1000/FRAME_PER_SECOND)

#define WHITE_COLOR (RGB(255,255,255))
#define BLACK_COLOR (RGB(0,0,0))
void PaintRoutine (HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea, int iAnimateOrientation)
{
   static TCHAR szString [] = TEXT ("   Rotation") ;
   HFONT        hFont ;
   int          i ;
   LOGFONT      lf ;


   hFont = EzCreateFont (hdc, TEXT ("Times New Roman"), 540, 0, 0, TRUE) ;
   GetObject (hFont, sizeof (LOGFONT), &lf) ;
   DeleteObject (hFont) ;

   SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT) ;
   SetTextAlign (hdc, TA_BASELINE) ;
   SetViewportOrgEx (hdc, cxArea / 2, cyArea / 2, NULL) ;

   

   SetTextColor(hdc, WHITE_COLOR);
   for (i = 0 ; i < 12 ; i++)
   {
      lf.lfEscapement = lf.lfOrientation = i * 300 + iAnimateOrientation-1;
      SelectObject (hdc, CreateFontIndirect (&lf)) ;

      TextOut (hdc, 0, 0, szString, lstrlen (szString)) ;

      DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, GetStockObject (SYSTEM_FONT))) ;
   }


   SetTextColor(hdc, BLACK_COLOR);
   for (i = 0 ; i < 12 ; i++)
   {
      lf.lfEscapement = lf.lfOrientation = i * 300 + iAnimateOrientation;
      SelectObject (hdc, CreateFontIndirect (&lf)) ;

      TextOut (hdc, 0, 0, szString, lstrlen (szString)) ;

      DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, GetStockObject (SYSTEM_FONT))) ;
   }


}

// By 九天雁翎:
// 主要的新添函数
void PaintAnimateOrientation(HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea)
{
   DWORD dwStartTime;
   DWORD dwEndTime;
   DWORD dwInTime;
   int iIntervalTimeNeed ;
   static int iAnimateOrientation = 0;

   dwStartTime = GetTickCount();


   iAnimateOrientation += 1;

   PaintRoutine(hwnd, hdc, cxArea, cyArea, iAnimateOrientation);
// 帧数控制
   while(GetTickCount() - dwStartTime < TIME_IN_FRAME)
   {
      Sleep(1);
   }

}

其实目前的源代码中有个瑕疵,因为是用透明文字背景画图,用白色的文字覆盖原有文字的时候会出现一些覆盖不了的情况,这个情况导致文字转动后会留有一些背景的尾巴。。。。效果如插图3了,另外。。。之所以使用此种循环画图方式纯粹因为最近看了《Window游戏编程大师级技巧》一书,其实用纯timer的方式实现如此简单的动画应该也是可行的,并且因为可以依赖消息机制的背景刷新,就不会有此问题。见下面的改良版旋转文字动画:

将SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT) ;一句改为SetBkMode (hdc, OPAQUE) ;倒是可以解决这个问题,但是因为背景的不透明,中间R重合的部分会导致互相的遮掩,这点没有深入研究了,希望有人能给出更好的解决方案。另外,因为是使用GDI,所以在每秒20帧重画的时候都会有闪烁。。。。。

改良版旋转文字动画:

/*------------------------------------------------
   FONTDEMO.C -- Font Demonstration Shell Program
                 (c) 改自Charles Petzold, 1998
 \------------------------------------------------*/

#include <windows.h>
#include "EzFont.h"
#include "resource.h"

void PaintRoutine (HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea, int iAnimateOrientation);
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ;

HINSTANCE hInst ;


extern TCHAR szAppName [] ;
extern TCHAR szTitle [] ;

#define WND_WIDTH (800)
#define WND_HEIGHT (800)

int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                    PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
   TCHAR    szResource [] = TEXT ("FontDemo") ;
   HWND     hwnd ;
   MSG      msg ;
   WNDCLASS wndclass ;
   HDC hdc ;

   hInst = hInstance ;

   wndclass.style         = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW ;
   wndclass.lpfnWndProc   = WndProc ;
   wndclass.cbClsExtra    = 0 ;
   wndclass.cbWndExtra    = 0 ;
   wndclass.hInstance     = hInstance ;
   wndclass.hIcon         = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ;
   wndclass.hCursor       = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ;
   wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH) ;
   wndclass.lpszMenuName  = szResource ;
   wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName ;

   if (!RegisterClass (&wndclass))
   {
      MessageBox (NULL, TEXT ("This program requires Windows NT!"),
        szAppName, MB_ICONERROR) ;
      return 0 ;
   }

   hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, szTitle,
      WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
      CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
      WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT,
      NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ;

   ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ;
   UpdateWindow (hwnd) ;

   SetTimer(hwnd, 1, 50, NULL);
   // 主消息循环:
   while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
   {
      TranslateMessage(&msg);
      DispatchMessage(&msg);
   }

   return msg.wParam ;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
   static DOCINFO  di = { sizeof (DOCINFO), TEXT ("Font Demo: Printing") } ;
   static int      cxClient, cyClient ;
   static PRINTDLG pd = { sizeof (PRINTDLG) } ;
   BOOL            fSuccess ;
   HDC             hdc, hdcPrn ;
   int             cxPage, cyPage ;
   PAINTSTRUCT     ps ;
   static int iAnimateOrientation = 0;

   switch (message)
   {
   case WM_COMMAND:
      switch (wParam)
      {
      case IDM_PRINT:

         // Get printer DC

         pd.hwndOwner = hwnd ;
         pd.Flags     = PD_RETURNDC | PD_NOPAGENUMS | PD_NOSELECTION ;

         if (!PrintDlg (&pd))
            return 0 ;

         if (NULL == (hdcPrn = pd.hDC))
         {
            MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Cannot obtain Printer DC"),
               szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
            return 0 ;
         }
         // Get size of printable area of page

         cxPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, HORZRES) ;
         cyPage = GetDeviceCaps (hdcPrn, VERTRES) ;

         fSuccess = FALSE ;

         // Do the printer page

         SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_WAIT)) ;
         ShowCursor (TRUE) ;

         if ((StartDoc (hdcPrn, &di) > 0) && (StartPage (hdcPrn) > 0))
         {
            PaintRoutine (hwnd, hdcPrn, cxPage, cyPage, iAnimateOrientation) ;

            if (EndPage (hdcPrn) > 0)
            {
               fSuccess = TRUE ;
               EndDoc (hdcPrn) ;
            }
         }
         DeleteDC (hdcPrn) ;

         ShowCursor (FALSE) ;
         SetCursor (LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW)) ;

         if (!fSuccess)
            MessageBox (hwnd, 
            TEXT ("Error encountered during printing"),
            szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION | MB_OK) ;
         return 0 ;

      case IDM_ABOUT:
         MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Font Demonstration Program/n")
            TEXT ("(c) Charles Petzold, 1998"),
            szAppName, MB_ICONINFORMATION | MB_OK);
         return 0 ;
      }
      break ;

   case WM_SIZE:
      cxClient = LOWORD (lParam) ;
      cyClient = HIWORD (lParam) ;
      return 0 ;

   case WM_PAINT:
      hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;

      PaintRoutine(hwnd, hdc, WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT, iAnimateOrientation);

      EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
      return 0 ;
   case WM_TIMER:
      {
         iAnimateOrientation += 1;
         InvalidateRect(hwnd, NULL, TRUE);
         return 0;
      }

   case WM_DESTROY :
      PostQuitMessage (0) ;
      return 0 ;
   }
   return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ;
}
#define BLACK_COLOR (RGB(0,0,0))
TCHAR szAppName [] = TEXT ("FontRot") ;
TCHAR szTitle   [] = TEXT ("FontRot: Rotated Fonts") ;
void PaintRoutine (HWND hwnd, HDC hdc, int cxArea, int cyArea, int iAnimateOrientation)
{
   static TCHAR szString [] = TEXT ("   Rotation") ;
   HFONT        hFont ;
   int          i ;
   LOGFONT      lf ;


   hFont = EzCreateFont (hdc, TEXT ("Times New Roman"), 540, 0, 0, TRUE) ;
   GetObject (hFont, sizeof (LOGFONT), &lf) ;
   DeleteObject (hFont) ;

   SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT) ;
   SetTextAlign (hdc, TA_BASELINE) ;
   SetViewportOrgEx (hdc, cxArea / 2, cyArea / 2, NULL) ;

   SetTextColor(hdc, BLACK_COLOR);
   for (i = 0 ; i < 12 ; i++)
   {
      lf.lfEscapement = lf.lfOrientation = i * 300 + iAnimateOrientation;
      SelectObject (hdc, CreateFontIndirect (&lf)) ;

      TextOut (hdc, 0, 0, szString, lstrlen (szString)) ;

      DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, GetStockObject (SYSTEM_FONT))) ;
   }


}

注意几个改动的地方,其实这个版本应该是最先的思路。。。。。。及利用Timer及Windows消息机制来完成动画绘制,这样可以利用背景擦除消息来擦除背景,不需要重新自己用白色文字覆盖上一帧的文字,也不会有拖尾现象,但是,因为总是重复擦除然后重绘,所以会有闪烁。

另外,从理论上来说,直接将绘制放在擦除背景消息中,如下:

   case WM_PAINT:
      hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;

      EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ;
      return 0 ;
   case WM_ERASEBKGND:
      hdc = GetDC(hwnd);
      Rectangle(hdc, 0, 0, WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT);
      PaintRoutine(hwnd, hdc, WND_WIDTH, WND_HEIGHT, iAnimateOrientation);
      ReleaseDC(hwnd, hdc);
      return 0;

闪烁会小一点,因为擦除背景到重新绘制的间隔更短了(放在WM_PAINT中还有个重新分配消息的过程),但是事实上看不怎么出来。

随机文字的那个例子比较简单,这里不再实现了。

五、参考:

  1. 《Windows 图形编程》第14,15章(原版名《Windows Graphics Programming Win32 GDI and DirectDraw》,Feng Yuan著,机械工业出版社
  2. 《Programming Windows》 Fifth Edition,Chapter4,17 Charles Petzold著,Microsoft Press

插图1:

插图3:

分类:  游戏开发 
标签:  Windows GDI 

By 九天雁翎

2009年08月26日 | 九天雁翎的博客

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